2018年11月10＆11日托福考试阅读预测机经（版本合集！）

本周末将迎来两场托福考试，大家是否已经做好了充分的准备？留学监理网小编为大家整理了两场考试的预测机经，说不定会助大家一臂之力哦！以下是两场考试的阅读预测机经。

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一、The Population Increase in Ming Dynasty中国明朝人口增加的原因

(相似话题参考TPO48 Chinese Population Growth)

元朝末年由于战乱，没有充足的食物导致人口下降，后来明初政治稳定了，人们开始广泛应用原有农业技术，粮食又变的富足，人口开始慢慢增加，与此同时人们也可以把一些物料等商品卖到很远的地方。后来由于冰河期的到来，再加上政局不稳，粮食又陷入短缺状态，人口数量开始波动。当时的政府采用两个方法解决问题，一个是从西方进口粮食，一个是改善农业生产技术。可愔并没有解决实质问题。后来随着清军入关，粮食开始慢慢增加，人口也随之渐渐变多。

二、The Development of Printing印刷术的发展

造纸术(paper making)从中国引入欧洲，在意大利开始发展起来，一些比较大的家族垄断了这个行业。刚开始生产的bible很贵，普通人是买不起的。后来新的印刷术发明了，人们可以更便捷地接受传播的知识。

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三、Tree Rings树的年轮

(重复2015-10-25，2015-12-20，2017-04-23)

第一段篇幅较长，介绍了年轮的定义，其形状与气候变化分析的关系，如春天间距会很窄之类的。科学家用同种大数量的年轮找重叠的年轮形状，可以借此分析气候的变化。第二段由年轮重叠提到了放射碳技术。第三段说除了气候还有很多因素影响年轮，这不好判断，但是对于一些气候变化中比较主要的事件是可以依据年轮来判断，举了个边缘带的例子，可以判断出某些年份冬天的降水量等信息。

四、第一段：大洋洲分布在太平洋上的岛屿，在生态上可以发现明显的异同。原先属于大陆一部分的岛屿上，不仅可以看到原始生物留下的痕迹，还有经过进化改造后的后代物种与新到来的物种;而其他经过地质变化如火山爆发等原因诞生的新的岛屿上，没有陆生物种栖息的起源，随着时间的过去逐渐有鸟类带来植物的种子和少数新动物物种在此安定下来。植物新物种长途跋涉到岛上的途径主要有：75%靠鸟类传播，23%随海水漂流，2%通过风实现迁徙。

第二三段：大洋洲物种迁移方向主要是由西向东，其分布与成活率收到主要四个方面的影响：着陆岛屿的面积与土壤肥力;迁徙距离，即岛屿的位置越向东物种多样性越低;岛屿的纬度即温度，如高纬度岛屿上热带物种的成活率必然很低;海岛的盛行风既可以塑造当地的气候，也可以影响新物种在岛上的分布。

第四段：植物物种的分布与岛屿气候条件特征都非常明显，大洋洲整体的生物多样性并不足够丰富，尤其是随着岛屿面积缩小与位置向东分部，以上两方面的特征体现的越不充分。新物种占领海岛之后，与外界其他物种的交流也并不频繁，处在一种相对与世隔绝的独立发展状态之中，所以随着物种进化，海岛环境也孕育了一些独特的生物物种。

五、生物类

科学家关于人类是否导致megafauna灭绝的讨论。因为有的动物在人类定居某地以后就灭绝了，所以有科学家认为人类的捕猎造成动物灭绝。一个科学家还说有的地方动物没灭绝是因为人们和动物都互相习惯了彼此的存在。然而，事实证明人们的饮食只有一部分是megafauna，人们还吃其他的，所以这个不是很可信。另外，在人们还没出现的时候一些动物就已经灭绝了所以一些动物的灭绝不是人类造成的。关于人类是否导致动物灭绝还要经过很长时间的考证和讨论。

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真题来源：2015-8-22CN The Upper Paleolithic Revolution

P1: The Old Stone Age is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It was not till around 30 thousand years ago (or 30 “kya") that the archaeological record reveals the emergence of technical and social advances, which comprised new technologies, hunting techniques, human burials, and an artistic tradition of astonishing competency. This dramatic change was known as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. It had been traditionally argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon exclusive to Eurasia. The absence of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around 40 kya in Europe. However, the recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads, dated to around 77 kya, opened up the debate. This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is regarded as the most noticeable evidence for the evolution of modern human behavior.

旧石器时代是人类发展的最早时期，也是人类历史上最长的时期。直到大约3万年前(或30“kya”)，考古记录才揭示了技术和社会进步的出现，其中包括新技术、狩猎技术、人类埋葬和惊人能力的艺术传统。这种戏剧性的变化被称为旧石器时代晚期的革命。人们一直认为旧石器时代晚期的革命是欧亚大陆独有的考古现象。在其他地区缺乏相同的证据表明，在欧洲约40个kya地区，人类智力发展发生了根本的变化。然而，最近在南非布隆伯斯洞穴中发现的一块装饰过的赭石和几组贝壳珠子，其年代可追溯至77基亚，引发了争论。这也支持了在同一时期在非洲发现的更多功能的石器和骨骼工具的其他证据。现在，旧石器时代晚期的革命被认为是现代人类行为进化最显著的证据。

•P2: Two further questions follow. First, what was happening to the human cognitive process during the 40,000 years or so from innovative usage of stone in the Blombos Cave to the flourishing of human creativity in Europe? Second, during the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred—was climate change then a component? The question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks. They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.

接下来还有两个问题。首先，在大约4万年的时间里，人类的认知过程发生了什么变化，从布隆伯斯山洞的石头的创新使用到欧洲人类创造力的繁荣?第二，更新世期间发生了一系列重大的气候事件——气候变化是其中的一个组成部分吗?人类学家萨利•麦克布里亚蒂(Sally McBrearty)和艾莉森•布鲁克斯(Alison Brooks)对欧洲的突然转变是否建立在非洲早期发展的基础上的问题进行了详尽的探讨。他们认为，旧石器时代晚期革命的整个问题都源自于一种深刻的欧洲中心主义偏见，以及未能理解非洲考古记录的深度和广度。

In fact, many South African archaeological sites show that the revolution occurred in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic—tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This is supported by evidence of using new stone tools like the blade and microlithic technology. Replication has shown that blades from the time required a high level of skill to make due to their shape, indicating a higher level of hominid complexity. At the same time, exploitation of aquatic resources began to prosper.

事实上，许多南非考古遗址表明，这场革命发生在中世纪的古橄榄岩时期，比它们出现在欧洲早了数万年。这是由使用新的石器工具如刀刃和微岩屑技术的证据支持的。复制表明，由于刀片的形状，从那时起就需要高水平的技能才能制作，这表明原始人类的复杂性更高。与此同时，对水生资源的开发也开始兴旺起来。

•P3: Contrasted with this view of a spontaneous leap in cognition among ancient 一 humans, some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in African archaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of modern behaviors, starting well before the 50,000 year benchmark of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution models. The extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea that artistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modem humans that migrated out of Africa around 70 kya For the time being, the emergence of Modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa, socio-economic dynamism that caused their expansion through the Nile Valley into the Near East, and then a migration along the southern route of Asia as far as Australia is the most plausible scenario, though it still leaves much to be desired from future archaeological research.

与这种观点的自发飞跃认知在古代一人类,一些作者喜欢艾莉森·s·布鲁克斯,主要在非洲考古工作,指出现代行为的逐渐积累,开始在50000年的旧石器时代晚期革命的基准模型。澳大利亚岩石艺术的非凡的范围增加了很大的重量,艺术创作是现代人类的智力的一部分迁移出非洲大约有70 kya目前,现代人类的出现在撒哈拉以南非洲地区,社会经济活力,导致他们的扩张通过尼罗河流域近东,然后迁移亚洲南部路线到澳大利亚是最合理的情况下,然而，在未来的考古学研究中仍有许多不足之处。

•P4: The question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground. The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record. This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.

似乎构成旧石器时代晚期革命的创造性活动突然出现的问题已经不攻自破。显而易见的解释是，非洲的发展与后来更为人熟知的欧洲事件之间的差距在于考古记录的局限性。这并不能完全解释为什么在旧石器时代晚期的欧洲，创造力突然爆发。

It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time. Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from 43 kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time. The changes in human behavior have also been attributed to the changes in climate during the period, which encompasses a number of global temperature drops. This meant a worsening of the already bitter climate which hence forced the ancestors of today's Europeans to move into a largely unpopulated region, their sudden presence in the archaeological record appearing revolutionary.

可能是早期的创造性努力要么迷失在时间的迷雾中，要么还没有从时间的迷雾中浮现出来。最近在西欧附近的西亚部分地区的洞穴中发现的装饰刺穿的贝壳可以追溯到43年前，甚至更早的时候，这可能是将证据追溯到过去的一个过程。人类行为的变化也归因于这一时期的气候变化，包括全球温度的下降。这意味着已经很恶劣的气候正在恶化，这迫使今天的欧洲人的祖先搬到一个人烟稀少的地区，他们的突然出现在考古记录中似乎具有革命性。

题目：

1. Why does the author mention a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beads?

A. To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievement

B. To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likely

C. To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists' thinking about human intellectual development

D. To help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them

2. How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa go

A. To around 40 kya

B. To around 77 kya

C. To the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution

D. To a time before modern "human” behavior had begun to evolve

3. The word "equivalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. comprehensible

B. concrete

C. comparable

D. widely debated

4. According to paragraph 2, what do archaeologists want to know about the climate?

A. Whether it was a reason that humans lived in caves

B. Whether it was stable throughout that period

C. Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and Europe

D. Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developed

5. According to paragraph 2, anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists' traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed because

A. they underestimated available African archaeological evidence.

B. The archaeological evidence available to them contained errors.

C. they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical use.

D. they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time.

6. Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to have

A. first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period, in Africa rather than in Europe

B. emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different times

C. first emerged in Europe, then to have been further developed in Africa

D. been part of a similarly sudden, but earlier, cultural revolution in Africa

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2018年11月10＆11日托福预测机经

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