2018年11月4日托福考试阅读预测机经（版本合集！）

本周日将迎来下月的第一场托福考试，大家是否已经做好充分的准备？小编为大家整理了本场考试的预测机经，希望对大家有所帮助。以下是本场考试阅读预测机经。

图片来自网络，不用作商业目的。  如有侵权，请联系我们删除。

{版本1}

一.青蛙灭绝

内容回忆 这篇文章讲了关于某一类青蛙，灭绝的原因。

讨论的原因包括，和一种菌类有关，或者是传染病。

参考阅读TPO 8 Extinction of the Dinosaurs

二.可食植物

内容回忆 这篇文章讲的是，人类种植可食植物。

其中以人类种植可食植物的发展历程为主线。

参考阅读TPO 23 Seventeenth-Century Dutch Agriculture

冲刺托福高分，让你离世界TOP 30名校更近一步>>>【免费托福成绩测试】

三.学科分类：History

题目：Origins of Industrial Revolution

第一段：介绍了工业革命的来源。

第二段：说介绍了工业革命最早起源于英国的纺织业。

第三段：介绍了工业革命对炼金业的影响。

第四段：则说工业革命除了对以上两个又影响外，对其他行业的影响。

第五段：说了工业革命对服务业的影响。

词汇题：

5. Inanimate = lifeless

6. Altered = changed

7. Radically = extremely

8. Distribution = delivery

{版本2}

Bird Colonies 鸟类栖息地

About 13 percent of bird species, including most seabirds, nest in colonies. Colonial nesting evolves in response to a combination of two environmental conditions: (1) a shortage of nesting sites that are safe from predators and (2) abundant or unpredictable food that is distant from safe nest sites. First and foremost, individual birds are safer in colonies that are inaccessible to predators, as on small rocky islands. In addition, colonial birds detect predators more quickly than do small groups or pairs and can drive the predators from the vicinity of the nesting area. Because nests at the edges of breeding colonies are more vulnerable to predators than those in the centers, the preference for advantageous central sites promotes dense centralized packing of nests.

大约13%的鸟类，包括大多数海鸟，都是在群体中筑巢。群体筑巢的进化是对两种环境条件的综合反应:(1)缺乏可以躲避捕食者的筑巢地点;(2)远离安全巢穴的大量或不可预知的食物。首先也是最重要的一点是，个体鸟类在捕食者难以接近的群体中更安全，比如在小岩石岛屿上。此外，群居鸟类比小群或成对的鸟类更快地察觉到捕食者，并能将捕食者从筑巢区附近驱赶出去。由于繁殖地边缘的巢穴比中心的巢穴更容易受到捕食者的攻击，对有利的中心位置的偏爱促进了巢穴的密集集中。

The yellow-rumped cacique, which nests in colonies in Amazonian Peru, demonstrates how colonial birds prevent predation. These tropical blackbirds defend their closed, pouch like nests against predators in three ways. First, by nesting on islands and near wasp nests, caciques are safe from arboreal mammals such primates. Second, caciques mob predators (work together as a group to attack predators). The effectiveness of mobbing increases with group size, which increases with colony size. Third, caciques hide their nests from predators by mixing active nests with abandoned nests. Overall, nests in cluster on islands and near wasp nests suffer the least predation.

在亚马逊秘鲁的殖民地中筑巢的黄腰驼背的酋长岩展示了殖民鸟类是如何防止捕食的。这些热带黑鹂以三种方式保护它们封闭的、袋状的巢穴免受捕食者的攻击。首先，通过在岛屿和黄蜂巢穴附近筑巢，卡西猿可以免受诸如灵长类等树栖哺乳动物的伤害。其次，卡西克斯的暴民捕食者(作为一个团队一起攻击捕食者)。群体规模越大，群体效应越大，群体规模越大。第三，鹿群将活动巢穴与废弃巢穴混合，以躲避捕食者。总体而言，在群岛和黄蜂巢穴附近的巢遭受的捕食最少。

Coordinated social interactions tend to be weak when a colony is first forming, but true colonies provide extra benefits. Synchronized nesting, for example, produces a sudden abundance of eggs and chicks that exceeds the daily needs of local predators. Additionally, colonial neighbors can improve their foraging by watching others. This behavior is especially valuable when the off-site food supplies are restricted or variable in location, as are swarms of aerial insects harvested by swallows. The colonies of American cliff swallows, for example, serve as information centers from which unsuccessful individual birds follow successful neighbors to good feeding sites. Cliff swallows that are unable to find food return to their colony, locate a neighbor that has been successful, and then follow that neighbor to its food source. All birds in the colony are equally likely to follow or to be followed and thus contribute to the sharing of information that helps to ensure their reproductive success. As a result of their enhanced foraging efficiency, parent swallows in large colonies return with food for their nestlings more often and bring more food each trip than do parents in small colonies.

当一个群体刚开始形成时，协调的社会互动往往很弱，但是真正的群体提供了额外的好处。例如，同步筑巢会突然产生大量的卵和幼鸟，超出了当地捕食者的日常需求。此外，殖民地的邻居可以通过观察其他人来改善他们的觅食。当室外食物供应受到限制或位置变化时，这种行为尤其有价值，就像燕子捕捉到的成群空中昆虫一样。例如，美国悬崖燕子的殖民地作为信息中心，不成功的个体鸟跟随成功的邻居到好的喂养地点。无法找到食物的悬崖燕子回到它们的领地，找到一个成功的邻居，然后跟着那个邻居找到它的食物来源。在殖民地的所有鸟类都同样有可能跟随或被跟随，从而有助于分享信息，帮助确保它们的繁殖成功。由于它们觅食效率的提高，大型群体中的父母燕子比小型群体中的父母更频繁地带着食物返回雏鸟，每次旅行带来的食物也更多。

To support large congregations of birds, suitable colony sites must be near rich, clumped food supplies.

为了支持大量的鸟类聚集，合适的栖息地必须靠近丰富的、丛生的食物供应。

Colonies of pinyon jays and red crossbills settle near seed-rich conifer forests, and wattled starlings nest in large colonies near locust outbreaks. The huge colonies of guanay cormorants and other seabirds that nest on the coast of Peru depend on the productive cold waters of the Humboldt Current. The combination of abundant food in the Humboldt Current and the vastness of oceanic habitat can support enormous populations of seabirds, which concentrate at the few available nesting locations. The populations crash when their food supplies decline during El Nino years.

一群群的松鸡和红嘴雀在盛产种子的针叶林附近栖息，在蝗灾爆发附近的大群中筑巢。在秘鲁海岸筑巢的瓜奈鸬鹚和其他海鸟的庞大殖民地依赖于洪堡海流的寒冷海水。洪堡海流中丰富的食物和广阔的海洋栖息地可以支持大量的海鸟，它们集中在为数不多的筑巢地点。在厄尔尼诺年，当食物供应下降时，人口就会崩溃。

Among the costs, colonial nesting leads to increased competition for nest sites and mates, the stealing of nest materials, and increased physical interference among other effects. In spite of food abundance, large colonies sometimes exhaust their local food supplies and abandon their nests. Large groups also attract predators, especially raptors, and facilitate the spread of parasites and diseases. The globular mud nests in large colonies of the American cliff swallow, for example, are more likely to be infested by fleas or other bloodsucking parasites than are nests in small colonies. Experiments in which some burrows were fumigated to kill the parasites showed that these parasites lowered survivorship by as much as 50 percent in large colonies but not significantly in small ones. The swallows inspect and then select parasite-free nests in large colonies, they tend to build new nests rather than use old, infested ones. On balance, the advantages of colonial nesting clearly outweigh the disadvantages, given the many times at which colonial nesting has evolved independently among different groups of birds. Still lacking, however, is a general framework for testing different hypothesis for the evolution of coloniality.

在成本中，群体筑巢导致了对筑巢地点和配偶的竞争加剧，偷取筑巢材料，以及在其他影响中增加物理干扰。尽管有丰富的食物，大型的蚁群有时会耗尽当地的食物供应而放弃巢穴。大型群体也吸引掠食者，尤其是迅猛龙，并促进寄生虫和疾病的传播。例如，在美国悬崖燕子的大群体中，球状泥巢穴比小群体中的巢穴更容易受到跳蚤或其他吸血寄生虫的侵扰。通过熏蒸一些地洞来杀死寄生虫的实验表明，这些寄生虫在大的蜂群中降低了50%的存活率，但在小的蜂群中却没有显著的降低。燕子在大的群体中检查并选择没有寄生虫的巢穴，它们倾向于建造新的巢穴而不是使用旧的、受感染的巢穴。总的来说，殖民筑巢的好处明显大于坏处，因为在不同的鸟类群体中，殖民筑巢已经独立进化了很多次。然而，仍然缺乏一个测试殖民进化不同假设的通用框架。

1. The word “vicinity” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.protection

B.region

C.population

D.resources

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.It is more advantageous for birds to choose central locations for their colonies rather than locations near the edges of their territory.

B.Compared to nests at the edges of colonies, centrally located nests are preferred for their safety from predators and therefore are more densely packed together.

C.Predators generally prefer the densely packed, central portion of nesting colonies, which can make this part of the colony more vulnerable to predators.

D.Birds nesting in colonies that are vulnerable to predators tend to prefer more densely packed nests to those less densely packed.

3. Paragraph 2 implies which of the following about yellow-rumped caciques?

A.They are comparatively unlikely to be harmed by the wasps that attack their predators.

B.They are able to protect their nests without using colonies.

C.Mixing active nests with abandoned nests is the least useful way of defending their nests.

D.Most of their predators are members of other bird species.

4. Paragraph 2 claims that yellow-rumped cacique colonies defend themselves from predators in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

A.They establish colonies in hart-to-reach places.

B.They physically attack invading predators.

C.They hide active nests among previously used ones.

D.They limit the size of their colonies so they are hard to find.

5. The phrase “contribute to” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.learn from

B.depend upon

C.take advantage of

D.add to

6. According to paragraph 3, what advantage do birds gain by hatching all the colony’s eggs at the same time?

A.They are able to time the hatching of their chicks for when predators are not likely to be around.

B.Chicks hatch when food is abundant, which is generally only a few times a year.

C.Even if predators eliminate some of the newly hatched birds, many others will survive.

D.Weaker birds gain protection for their young by synchronizing their nesting behavior with that of the more dominant birds of the colony.

7. According to paragraph 3, cliff swallows closely observe other members of their colony in order to

A.follow successful birds to safe nesting sites

B.learn the location of local predators

C.place their eggs near other birds in the colony

D.find good sources of food

8. Which of the following is a probable effect of the fact mentioned in paragraph 4 that there are few available nesting locations near the Humboldt Current?

A.Seabirds compete with each other for a limited supply of food.

B.The number of seabirds at any one site is extremely large.

C.Some seabirds nest in conifer forests near locust outbreaks.

D.Colonies near the Humboldt Current contain small numbers of seabirds.

9. The word “exhaust” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.use up

B.leave

C.avoid

D.hide

10. The phrase “On balance” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.Nevertheless

B.Overall

C.Therefore

D.Periodically

11. In paragraph 5, why does the author discuss experiments in which some burrows were fumigated?

A.To demonstrate that parasites have a very negative effect on large colonies

B.To show that attacks by predators are a worse problem than the spread of parasites

C.To explain how swallows inspect nests for parasites

D.To prove that the benefits of colonial nesting outweigh the disadvantages

12. Which of the following questions is NOT answered by paragraph 5?

A.What causes colonies to have problems with their food supplies?

B.What are the disadvantages of colonial nesting?

C.What percentage of cliff swallow nests are infected by parasites?

D.How can one test the different hypotheses explaining the evolution of bird colonies?

13. Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

The overall survival of the next generation is thus enhanced.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.

14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

>>>免费下载2018年11月4日托福考试预测机经汇总（版本合集！）.pdf

2018年11月4日托福预测机经

>>>一键输入GPA(2.0-4.0)，托福成绩，快速匹配你适合申请国外哪所院校

留学规划和留学申请是一项复杂的长期工程，不能片面听取网友的交流，更不能轻信留学中介的说辞。留学监理网由有20多年国际教育行业管理和服务经验的前教育部官员胡本未老师创立，得到新华社和央视网的高度评价。留学监理网免费为学生提供留学咨询规划建议、推荐靠谱的留学机构、审核留学方案和中介服务协议，受学生委托提供监理服务、督办留学中介的服务过程并“先行赔付”。

任何关于托福考试问题，比如托福阅读考试有哪些注意事项，2018托福阅读评分标准、托福考试注意事项、美国大学对托福成绩要求是多少等问题，大家都可以在线咨询或持续访问该栏目的其它相关文章。

相关阅读：

2018年10月27日托福考试回忆汇总(版本合集!)

2018年10月27日托福考试写作回忆(版本合集!)

2018年10月27日托福考试阅读回忆(版本合集!)

2018年10月27日托福考试口语回忆(版本合集!)

2018年10月27日托福考试听力回忆(版本合集!)

• 上一篇：2018年11月4日托福考试口语预测机经（版本合集！）
• 下一篇：2018年11月4日托福考试写作预测机经（版本合集！）

• 相关文章

  • 留学申请 要不要找留学中介
  • 出国留学费用一般要多少
  • 选择留学中介的十大误区
  • 如何选择美国留学中介
  • 2021年USNews公布美国录取率最低的9所大学！
  • 申请美国研究生GPA低需要注意这几点

• 最新问答

  查看更多>>
  • 香港留学一年的费用需要多少钱
  • 应届高三学生申请出国留学读本科的途径有哪些？如何选择？
  • 今年高考的文科生，二本线，读什么专业好？
  • 高考成绩刚过一本线，高考志愿填报和出国留学如何选择？
  • 什么是CUG完全大学指南？
  • 什么是CWUR世界大学排名？