2018年8月25日托福考试阅读预测机经（版本合集！）

2018年8月25日的托福考试是8月份唯一两场考试中的其中一场，相信大家已经准备得很充分了。考前来看看本场考试的预测机经，缓解一下紧张的心情吧！下面是本场考试阅读预测机经。

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The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.

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Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

(B) The evolution of cities in North America

(C) Trade between North American and European cities

(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.

2. The word they in line 4 refers to

(A) North American colonies

(B) cities

(C) centuries

(D) town economies

3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?

(A) Their economic success

(B) The type of merchandise they exported

(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements

(D) The pace of their development

4. The word accordingly in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) as usual

(B) in contrast

(C) to some degree

(D) for that reason

5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to

(A) an abundance of natural resources

(B) financial support from colonial governments

(C) proximity to parts of Europe

(D) a favorable climate

6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?

(A) Manufacturing equipment

(B) Capital goods

(C) Consumer goods

(D) Raw materials

7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the

(A) location of the plantations

(B) access of plantation owners to shipping

(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents

(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations

8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were

(A) more prosperous

(B) smaller

(C) less economically self-sufficient

(D) tied less closely to England than to France

9. The word recorded in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(C) documented

(D) planned

10. The word drawing in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracting

(B) employing

(C) instructing

(D) representing

11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of

(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth

(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade

(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms

(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states

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life in the desert

文章回忆：

沙漠中缺水比较严重，植物和动物分别用不同的方式适应沙漠缺水的环境。

沙漠中的植物有不同的种类，根据各自的特性尽量减少体内水分的缺失：比如有通过根不断扩张至更深处获得水分，有在炎热是收缩，在有水分时张开叶片储存水分，有把根伸展至有水的湖泊或者地方获取地表的水分等。

动物也通过不同的方式减少活动或者减少水分的失去。比如有的比在冷一些的环境下的同类要小许多，有的拥有的一个器官比在冷一些的环境下的同类大很多，减少水分的流失，还有一些热的时候会hibernation，通过这样的方式减少代谢。

映射世界

第一段：在航海行动在欧洲开始的时候，人们开始意识到地图的重要性，同时因为航海的实践活动让人们越来越意识到古地图的错误性。地图印刷开始成为一个有利可图的行业，早期的地图往往来自于私人收藏，古书上的绘画，版本非常多。

第二段：欧洲最早的地图更多体现了宗教思想，认为地球居于中心，日月行星和恒星围绕地球运转，在人们通过航海活动意识到这种思想的错误后，这种地图受到了当时人们的assault. Ptolemy (托勒密)的地图也属于早期的地图，但是这种地图不像托勒密的宗教思想，它标注了经度纬度的原则原理，还有当时人们能知道的最远的地理位置，所以受到的攻击比较少，而且人们经常查阅。虽然后来的发现越来越多的表明他的地图不准确。

第三段：后来的地图逐渐发展，但是地图描述准确的范围仅限于欧洲大陆人们去过的地方，对于这些地区的城镇有详细描述，但是对于其他的landmass 的描述基本靠想象和口头描述来描绘。更加精确的地图随着人们的航海经历范围逐渐扩大才渐渐补充完善。

第四段：地图从扁平的到地球仪的出现。圆形地球仪的出现是地图史上的一大进步，因为扁平的地图上，人们没有到达的地方一般省略或者用毛边来表示，但是球形的地图就没有这种可能性，必须要精准画好。印刷业的发展解决了这一问题，人们先在椭圆形的图上画好这个地图然后拼接成一个球形，标志地图发展的一大进步。

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2018年8月25日托福预测机经

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