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2018年7月14日托福考试阅读预测机经(版本合集!)

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{版本1}


According to anthropologists, people in preindustrial societies spent 3 to 4 hours per day or about 20 hours per week doing the work necessary for life. Modern comparisons of the amount of work performed per week, however, begin with the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) when 10- to 12-hour workdays with six workdays per week were the norm. Even with extensive time devoted to work, however, both incomes and standards of living were low. As incomes rose near the end of the Industrial Revolution, it became increasingly common to treat Saturday afternoons as a half-day holiday. The half holiday had become standard practice in Britain by the 1870's, but did not become common in the United States until the 1920's.


In the United States, the first third of the twentieth century saw the workweek move from 60 hours per week to just under 50 hours by the start of the 1930's. In 1914 Henry Ford reduced daily work hours at his automobile plants from 9 to 8. In 1926 he announced that henceforth his factories would close for the entire day on Saturday. At the time, Ford received criticism from other firms such as United States Steel and Westinghouse, but the idea was popular with workers.


The Depression years of the 1930's brought with them the notion of job sharing to spread available work around; the workweek dropped to a modem low for the United States of 35 hours. In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940, and since that time the 8-hour day, 5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States. Adjustments in various places, however, show that this standard is not immutable. In 1987, for example, German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweek; and in 1990 many workers in Britain won a 37-hour week. Since 1989, the Japanese government has moved from a 6- to a 5-day workweek and has set a national target of 1,800 work hours per year for the average worker. The average amount of work per year in Japan in 1989 was 2,088 hours per worker, compared to 1,957 for the United States and 1,646 for France.


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1. What does the passage mainly discuss?


(A) Why people in preindustrial societies worked few hours per week

(B) Changes that have occurred in the number of hours that people work per week

(C) A comparison of the number of hours worked per year in several industries

(D) Working conditions during the Industrial Revolution


2. Compared to preiudustrial times, the number of hours in the workweek in the nineteenth century


(A) remained constant

(B) decreased slightly

(C) decreased significantly

(D) increased significantly


3. The word norm in line 5 is closest in meaning to


(A) minimum.

(B) example

(C) possibility

(D) standard


4. The word henceforth in line 13 is closest in meaning to


(A) in the end

(B) for a brief period

(C) from that time on

(D) on occasion


5. The idea mentioned in line 15 refers to


(A) the 60-hour workweek

(B) the reduction in the cost of automobiles

(C) the reduction in the workweek at some automobile factories

(D) the criticism of Ford by United States Steel and Westinghouse


6. What is one reason for the change in the length of the workweek for the average worker in the

United States during the 1930's?


(A) Several people sometimes shared a single job.

(B) Labor strikes in several countries influenced labor policy in the United States.

(C) Several corporations increased the length of the workweek.

(D) The United States government instituted a 35-hour workweek.


7. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the purposes of the Fair Labor Standards Act of

1938 ?


(A) to discourage workers from asking for increased wages

(B) to establish a limit on the number of hours in the workweek

(C) to allow employers to set the length of the workweek for their workers

(D) to restrict trade with countries that had a long workweek


8. The word mandated in line 18 is closest in meaning to


(A) required

(B) recommended

(C) eliminated

(D) considered


9. The word immutable in line 21 is closest in meaning to


(A) unmatched

(B) irregular

(C) unnecessary

(D) unchangeable


10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as evidence that the length of the workweek has

been declining since the nineteenth century?


(A) The half-day holiday (line 7)

(B) Henry Ford (lines 11-12)

(C) United States Steel and Westinghouse (line 14-15)

(D) German metalworkers (line 21)


11. According to the passage , one goal of the Japanese government is to reduce the average

annual amount of work to


(A) 1,646 hours

(B) 1,800 hours

(C) 1,957 hours

(D) 2,088 hours


{版本2}


passage1


阅读文章:

鸟类群居现象很常见,然而群居有很多显而易见的危险:增加了传染病毒和寄生虫的风险;竞争和暴力增加。那么群居对于鸟类繁衍后代有哪些优势呢?让我们带着这个问题看一下seabird colonies.

有两个假说去解释鸟类群居现象:information center hypothesis和dilution effect hypothesis.

第一个假说主要关注群居对于觅食的好处。群居动物能够根据以往觅食者的足迹成功找到好的食物点。而第二个假说强调群居对于抵御捕猎者的好处。举例来说,如果捕猎者的消费量是100只鸟,那么1000只鸟的colony 要比200只鸟的colony更安全。

在某一些种类的鸟群,证据同时支撑这两个假说。


词汇题:

Overwhelm = exceed

The odds of = the likelihood of

Tactics = strategies

Pursue = seek


passage2


文章共四段,讲了摄影行业的发展过程,首先讲述了18世纪盛行的是metal plate printing,规模大,后来发展为electrotype。摄影形势及人物特点也有所变化,比较夸张的漫画形式(富有幽默感)的人物更倾向于像more serious and more formality方向发展。


1. plentiful = numerous

2. emergence = rise

3. routinely = regularly

4. distinctive=attractive

 

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